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<blockquote data-quote="Great In Grass" data-source="post: 5534844" data-attributes="member: 79"><p>Advice today from PGRO on seed quality, farm saved seed and winter bean establishment.</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><u>Farm-saving seed</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">It is clear that the 2018 bean crop is of generally lower quality in terms of visual appearance. Grain size is generally smaller or particularly variable and especially in the south has been more severely affected by Bruchid damage than is previous seasons.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">The affect of this on seed quality has also been negative as is being seen in the PGRO seed lab and emphasizes the importance of seed being tested for germination capacity and vigour ahead of sowing for the new season. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><u>Seed testing farm saved seed:</u></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">If saving seed on-farm, it is important to test seed for germination capacity and seed-borne pests and diseases. Germination can be affected by physical damage to the seed caused when harvesting over-dry crops, chemical contamination by glyphosate, or insect damage such as bruchid damage.</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">At low levels of bruchid infestation, germination losses may not be significant in larger seeded varieties, although damaged beans can be more susceptible to moulds. It’s likely that lightly infested seeds have a greater chance of survival, with the size of seed and portion remaining following larval feeding being important determinants of germination capacity. At high levels of seed damage by bruchid, germination is affected, and losses of between 10 and 15% germination have been recorded in lab tests when bruchid damage is between 40% and 80%. There is potential in the field for the damage to cause seeds to decay before germination occurs, and damage close to the point of attachment with the hypocotyl can cause establishment failure. This occurs more frequently when bruchid damage levels are high.</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Crops that are harvested at low moisture content, particularly when less than 12%, may incur mechanical damage during harvesting or cleaning. Mechanical damage to seed causes seedling abnormalities and increased infection by soil-borne pathogens such as damping off (<em>Pythium </em>spp.), lowering the germination capacity.</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">If glyphosate has been used as a desiccant, seedling abnormalities are likely to arise if the seed from the treated crop is used.</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Seed-borne pests, diseases and disorders include the following and should be checked before use:</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Combining peas</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Ascochyta complex (leaf and pod spot);</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Marsh spot (caused by manganese deficiency);</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Vining peas</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Ascochyta complex (leaf and pod spot);</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Marsh spot (caused by manganese deficiency);</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Electrical conductivity (vigour);</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Other tests for peas include seed-borne bacterial and viral diseases</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Field beans</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Stem and bulb nematode (seed and soil-borne);</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><em>Ascochyta fabae</em>;</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Germination and vigour tests are available for green beans and other crops.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">It’s a good idea to have a thousand seed weight test carried out to help determine seed rate per hectare.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><u>Farm Saved Seed - The Rules</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">There are several rules that apply to farm-saved seed (FSS) as follows:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Farmers are legally obliged to declare their use of FSS and pay for the use of eligible varieties;</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">FSS must be produced and saved within a farmer’s own business (i.e. land farmed as the same business), and farmers cannot sell, buy, barter or otherwise transfer FSS outside their own holding;</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">FSS rules apply whether seed has been processed or taken straight from the barn;</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Seed from hybrid varieties may not be farm-saved without the breeders’ permission.</span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">See <a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/farm-saved-seed" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/guidance/farm-saved-seed</a> for further details.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"><u>Winter beans</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Establishment and seed rates</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">Growers are advised to drill beans to a minimum depth of 3-5 inches and ensure that the subsoil is not compacted to allow good root penetration. The method of planting can be either by drilling or the more traditional practice of ploughing in seed that has been broadcast onto stubble. In the latter case, there will be a loss of uniformity in spread and more unevenness in plant emergence: higher seed bed losses should be anticipated (20%). Some leveling of the seedbed may be required after ploughing in. Check thousand grain weight and aim for 18 to 28 plants established per m² depending on variety. Work by Wherry & Sons has indicated there may be a varietal yield response to population and recommendations are shown in the table below. </span></p><p> <span style="font-size: 12px"></span></p><p>Typical final target plant populations</p><p> </p><p>Type Varieties Population plants/m²</p><p>Winter Beans General 18-20</p><p> Clipper 22</p><p> Wizard, Arthur 23-26</p><p> Honey, Sultan 28</p><p> </p><p>Dense crops of winter beans are more likely to suffer from disease and early lodging. 10 to 20% field loss is assumed when planting beans in the autumn. Winter beans should not be sown too early (not before the second week of October) as crops that are too forward are more prone to disease and to the effects of severe winter weather. Sowing from mid-October to early November is usually the optimum time, but acceptable crops have been produced from early December drilling.</p><p>Field loss for drilled winter beans is 15% and PGRO has produced a seed rate calculator as part of the Optibean tool (Excel-based spreadsheet) available from the website (<a href="http://www.pgro.org/optibean-project/" target="_blank">http://www.pgro.org/optibean-project/</a>).</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Alternatively, seed rate can be calculated using the following formula:</p><p> </p><p>Seed rate (kg/ha) = <u>Thousand seed weight x target population</u> <u>100</u></p><p> % germination 100 – field loss</p><p> </p><p>Beans don’t require a fine seedbed and will tolerate clody conditions, although weed control may be poor. Over-cultivation should be avoided. Beans are sensitive to soil compaction, which may lead to increased problems with foot rot infection and nutrient uptake. Requirements of beans for fertiliser are small and no N is required.</p><p></p><p>Where P and K are required, it is essential that it is placed deep enough into the seedbed to allow full use by the crop. Broadcast fertiliser should be ploughed shallow or applied over the furrows. It can then be worked in by subsequent cultivations, avoiding fine tilth and compaction.</p><p></p><p>Fertiliser requirements of beans can be found in the Fertiliser Manual – <a href="https://www.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library?q=rb209" target="_blank">https://www.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library?q=rb209</a>.</p><p> </p><p>Winter beans offer a good opportunity to tackle black-grass populations using Crawler or Kerb. However, early drillings followed within 7 days by pre-emergence sprays may not fully benefit from Kerb applications, which work better at lower temperatures (<8°C), perhaps more associated with November and December. Pre-emergence herbicides have a variable but limited time of activity which starts to decrease from the time of application.</p><p></p><p>Winter beans can be in the ground for a long time before the crop is at an appropriate growth stage for post-emergence bentazone, which is less effective in cool conditions. For this reason, it may be worth considering keeping an eye on drilled crops and weather forecasts and delaying pre-emergence applications for as long as reasonably possible. This may extend the effectiveness of applications. This approach offers a chance to move the period of weed control so it is more valuable, but does require increased attention to crop and weather conditions and is not without risk.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>PGRO technical information</p><p>All PGRO Technical Updates have been revised to include the changes in pesticide availability for peas and beans. PGRO publications are available as free downloads from the PGRO web site <a href="http://www.pgro.org/" target="_blank">www.pgro.org</a> User passwords are available on request through the web site. </p><p> </p><p>The information in this publication must not be reproduced without the express written permission from the PGRO.</p><p>Information disseminated by the Processors & Growers Research Organisation is given after the exercise of all possible care in compilation, preparation and issue, but is provided without liability in its application or use.</p><p><span style="font-size: 12px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px">CB1806.doc</span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Great In Grass, post: 5534844, member: 79"] Advice today from PGRO on seed quality, farm saved seed and winter bean establishment. [SIZE=3][U]Farm-saving seed[/U] It is clear that the 2018 bean crop is of generally lower quality in terms of visual appearance. Grain size is generally smaller or particularly variable and especially in the south has been more severely affected by Bruchid damage than is previous seasons. The affect of this on seed quality has also been negative as is being seen in the PGRO seed lab and emphasizes the importance of seed being tested for germination capacity and vigour ahead of sowing for the new season. [U]Seed testing farm saved seed:[/U] If saving seed on-farm, it is important to test seed for germination capacity and seed-borne pests and diseases. Germination can be affected by physical damage to the seed caused when harvesting over-dry crops, chemical contamination by glyphosate, or insect damage such as bruchid damage. At low levels of bruchid infestation, germination losses may not be significant in larger seeded varieties, although damaged beans can be more susceptible to moulds. It’s likely that lightly infested seeds have a greater chance of survival, with the size of seed and portion remaining following larval feeding being important determinants of germination capacity. At high levels of seed damage by bruchid, germination is affected, and losses of between 10 and 15% germination have been recorded in lab tests when bruchid damage is between 40% and 80%. There is potential in the field for the damage to cause seeds to decay before germination occurs, and damage close to the point of attachment with the hypocotyl can cause establishment failure. This occurs more frequently when bruchid damage levels are high. Crops that are harvested at low moisture content, particularly when less than 12%, may incur mechanical damage during harvesting or cleaning. Mechanical damage to seed causes seedling abnormalities and increased infection by soil-borne pathogens such as damping off ([I]Pythium [/I]spp.), lowering the germination capacity. If glyphosate has been used as a desiccant, seedling abnormalities are likely to arise if the seed from the treated crop is used. Seed-borne pests, diseases and disorders include the following and should be checked before use: Combining peas Ascochyta complex (leaf and pod spot); Marsh spot (caused by manganese deficiency); Vining peas Ascochyta complex (leaf and pod spot); Marsh spot (caused by manganese deficiency); Electrical conductivity (vigour); Other tests for peas include seed-borne bacterial and viral diseases Field beans Stem and bulb nematode (seed and soil-borne); [I]Ascochyta fabae[/I]; Germination and vigour tests are available for green beans and other crops. It’s a good idea to have a thousand seed weight test carried out to help determine seed rate per hectare. [U]Farm Saved Seed - The Rules[/U] There are several rules that apply to farm-saved seed (FSS) as follows: Farmers are legally obliged to declare their use of FSS and pay for the use of eligible varieties; FSS must be produced and saved within a farmer’s own business (i.e. land farmed as the same business), and farmers cannot sell, buy, barter or otherwise transfer FSS outside their own holding; FSS rules apply whether seed has been processed or taken straight from the barn; Seed from hybrid varieties may not be farm-saved without the breeders’ permission. See [URL]https://www.gov.uk/guidance/farm-saved-seed[/URL] for further details. [U]Winter beans[/U] Establishment and seed rates Growers are advised to drill beans to a minimum depth of 3-5 inches and ensure that the subsoil is not compacted to allow good root penetration. The method of planting can be either by drilling or the more traditional practice of ploughing in seed that has been broadcast onto stubble. In the latter case, there will be a loss of uniformity in spread and more unevenness in plant emergence: higher seed bed losses should be anticipated (20%). Some leveling of the seedbed may be required after ploughing in. Check thousand grain weight and aim for 18 to 28 plants established per m² depending on variety. Work by Wherry & Sons has indicated there may be a varietal yield response to population and recommendations are shown in the table below. [/SIZE] Typical final target plant populations Type Varieties Population plants/m² Winter Beans General 18-20 Clipper 22 Wizard, Arthur 23-26 Honey, Sultan 28 Dense crops of winter beans are more likely to suffer from disease and early lodging. 10 to 20% field loss is assumed when planting beans in the autumn. Winter beans should not be sown too early (not before the second week of October) as crops that are too forward are more prone to disease and to the effects of severe winter weather. Sowing from mid-October to early November is usually the optimum time, but acceptable crops have been produced from early December drilling. Field loss for drilled winter beans is 15% and PGRO has produced a seed rate calculator as part of the Optibean tool (Excel-based spreadsheet) available from the website ([URL]http://www.pgro.org/optibean-project/[/URL]). Alternatively, seed rate can be calculated using the following formula: Seed rate (kg/ha) = [U]Thousand seed weight x target population[/U] [U]100[/U] % germination 100 – field loss Beans don’t require a fine seedbed and will tolerate clody conditions, although weed control may be poor. Over-cultivation should be avoided. Beans are sensitive to soil compaction, which may lead to increased problems with foot rot infection and nutrient uptake. Requirements of beans for fertiliser are small and no N is required. Where P and K are required, it is essential that it is placed deep enough into the seedbed to allow full use by the crop. Broadcast fertiliser should be ploughed shallow or applied over the furrows. It can then be worked in by subsequent cultivations, avoiding fine tilth and compaction. Fertiliser requirements of beans can be found in the Fertiliser Manual – [URL]https://www.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library?q=rb209[/URL]. Winter beans offer a good opportunity to tackle black-grass populations using Crawler or Kerb. However, early drillings followed within 7 days by pre-emergence sprays may not fully benefit from Kerb applications, which work better at lower temperatures (<8°C), perhaps more associated with November and December. Pre-emergence herbicides have a variable but limited time of activity which starts to decrease from the time of application. Winter beans can be in the ground for a long time before the crop is at an appropriate growth stage for post-emergence bentazone, which is less effective in cool conditions. For this reason, it may be worth considering keeping an eye on drilled crops and weather forecasts and delaying pre-emergence applications for as long as reasonably possible. This may extend the effectiveness of applications. This approach offers a chance to move the period of weed control so it is more valuable, but does require increased attention to crop and weather conditions and is not without risk. PGRO technical information All PGRO Technical Updates have been revised to include the changes in pesticide availability for peas and beans. PGRO publications are available as free downloads from the PGRO web site [URL='http://www.pgro.org/']www.pgro.org[/URL] User passwords are available on request through the web site. The information in this publication must not be reproduced without the express written permission from the PGRO. Information disseminated by the Processors & Growers Research Organisation is given after the exercise of all possible care in compilation, preparation and issue, but is provided without liability in its application or use. [SIZE=3] CB1806.doc[/SIZE] [/QUOTE]
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